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Observations

/ Observations

Observations

The combination of fast-changing technology and a growing need to predict, measure and respond to weather extremes in a changing climate means our data users have increasingly demanding requirements for our weather observations. We work together across Europe and further afield to build on our successful existing programmes and capabilities and transform our weather observation networks to meet these challenges.

EUMETNET coordinates the collection and sharing of weather observation data across Europe through several programmes. Some Programmes are dedicated to performing observations at sea, i.e.: the EUMETNET Automated Shipboard Aerological Programme (E-ASAP) and the EUMETNET Surface Marine Programme (E-SurfMar).

Some Programmes and Module create partnerships with non-meteorological organisations to access non-conventional types of weather observations, i.e.: The EUMETNET Aircraft Based Observations Programme (E-ABO), the EUMETNET GNSS Water Vapour Programme (E-GVap), and the EUMETNET Internet of Things Module (E-IoT).

Some Observations Programmes collect data acquired by our Members nationally, provide calibration and quality control tools for these data, and produce added-value products, i.e.: The EUMETNET Programme on Operational Exchange of Weather Radar Information (OPERA), the EUMETNET Operational Vertical Profiling Programme (E-Profile), and The AutoPollen Programme.

EUMETNET is committed to making its data easily accessible and usable by adopting global open standards and by collaborating with international organisations to meet the evolving needs of users in the context of climate change and technological advancements.

We work closely with the users of our data, and we engage with international organisations such as the World Meteorological Organization, EUMETSAT, European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts and Copernicus to work together towards common goals across our Members and beyond.

The National Meteorological Service of the UK (Met Office), in partnership with the National Meteorological Service of Germany (DWD), is responsible for the management of the Observations Capability Area.

Email address: eucos[at]metoffice.gov.uk

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Discover Our Programmes

Internet of Things Ship-based Radiosonde Observations Surface Marine Observations Vertical Profile Observations Automatic Pollen Monitoring

Observations Data Sharing Aircraft-based Observations Weather Radar Network GNSS Water Vapour Observations

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National Met Services from the following
33 countries are EUMETNET Members

Our Partner Organisations

WMOEUMETSATECMWFEUROCONTROL

EEAEUROGOOSEPOSEMS

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Avenue Circulaire 3
1180 Brussels, Belgium

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E-mail: info[at]eumetnet.eu

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Participants and Collaborations

utoPollen programme participants come from 25 institutes and associations from 22 countries that are either EUMETNET members or cooperating third parties. An extensive list of participants, as well as a list of publications and links to projects and networks across Europe, can be found on the AutoPollen website along with relevant data.

Furthermore, the AutoPollen programme collaborates with several European-level projects and organisations, including: Horizon Europe Project SYLVA (A SYstem for ReaL-Time ObserVation of Aeroallergens), Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Services (CAMS), the COST Action ADOPT (New Approaches in Detection of Pathogens and Aeroallergens – CA18226), EURAMET on the BioAirMet project, and Working Group 39 of the European Normalisation Committee (CEN - Technical Committee 264).

Post-Processing Benchmark

The benchmark is a key deliverable of the EUMETNET Post-Processing module, designed to provide high-quality benchmark datasets and infrastructures for comparing the various methods used to post-process forecasts in National Meteorological Services.

The benchmark is composed of two components: gridded post-processing, which requires gridded observations, forecasts, and reforecasts; and station-based post-processing, which requires station observations and forecasts and reforecasts at the nearest point.

For more information on the benchmark activities of the PP module, you can visit our website:
https://eupp-benchmark.github.io

Technical details and relevant codes are developed on GitHub:
https://github.com/orgs/EUPP-benchmark

Benchmark Datasets

Base dataset – Low-resolution gridded data
The benchmark base dataset is a low-resolution gridded dataset that covers the European area from 36 to 67° in latitude and from -6 to 17° of longitude, with grid spacing of 0.25°x0.25°.

The benchmark dataset consists of 47 fields, with at least seven requiring post-processing. It includes daily forecasts at midnight, which feature ensemble, control, and high-resolution ECMWF runs, as well as reforecasts twice a week and hourly analysis data. The training set covers 2017 and 2018, while the test set is for 2019. The total size of the gridded benchmark is about 6 terabytes (TB), with the training set being 4.3 TB and the test set 1.6 TB. This dataset provides a solid basis for evaluating and comparing different post-processing methods used by National Meteorological Services.

More details about the base dataset can be found at https://eupp-benchmark.github.io/EUPPBench-doc/files/base_datasets.html.

EUPPBench datasets
In addition to the base dataset, specific datasets for statistical and machine learning over a smaller domain have been designed. The EUPPBench datasets are available over a smaller area within Europe, stored in Zarr format for easy access. The forecasts and observations datasets are already paired together, providing analysis-ready data for post-processing benchmarking purposes.

The EUPPBench datasets also include station data all over the selected domain and ECMWF forecasts and reforecasts from the nearest grid point.
With these datasets, the first benchmark of several post-processing methods was conducted and published in Earth System Science Data (ESSD). More details on the EUPPBench datasets and this first benchmark can be found at https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/2635/2023/.

An example of deterministic IFS forecast for 100m u wind and the corresponding gridded observations in the EUPPBench dataset.

Publications

Paola Salio, Luciana Stoll, Daniela D’Amen, Estelle De Coning, Hellen Msemo, Franziska Schmid, Solfrid Agersten, Anders Sivle, André Simon, Maria Julia Chasco, 2025: Nowcasting and Early Warning Systems across WMO Regions Associations: A Pre-EW4All Assessment, BAMS, DOI: https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/106/12/BAMS-D-24-0267.1.xml

Bojinski S, Blaauboer D, Calbet X, de Coning E, Debie F, Montmerle T, Nietosvaara V, Norman K, Banon L, Schmid F, Strelec Mahovic N, Wapler K, 2023: Review: Towards Nowcasting in Europe in 2030, Meteorological Applications, https://doi.org/10.1002/met.2124

Special Issue in Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Development and Application of Seamless Prediction Systems
Part I: https://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/metz/list/29#issue3
Part II: https://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/metz/list/29#issue4

Sivle A, Agersten S, Schmid F, Simon A, 2022: Use and perception of weather forecast information across Europe, Meteorological Applications, https://doi.org/10.1002/met.2053

Schmid F, Wang Y, Harou A, 2019: Nowcasting Guidelines - A summary, WMO Bulletin 68(2), 63-68; https://library.wmo.int/viewer/38575/?offset=#page=3&viewer=picture&o=bookmarks&n=0&q=

WMO in cooperation with E-NWC, 2017: Guidelines for Nowcasting Techniques, WMO Nr. 1198,
https://library.wmo.int/records/item/55666-guidelines-for-nowcasting-techniques

European Nowcasting Conferences (ENC)

European Nowcasting and Weather Forecasting Conferences (ENWFC)

ENWFC 2026:
Conference Information: https://eumetcal.eu/en/ui#/page/enwfc-2026

ENWFC 2024:
Conference Information: https://enwfc-2024.met.no/
Conference paper: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/20252

European Nowcasting Conferences (ENC)

ENC 2022:
Conference Information : https://eumetcal.eu/en/ui#/page/ENC2022%20
Conference paper: DOI:10.1127/metz/2022/1156

ENC 2019:
Conference Information : https://enc2019.aemet.es/
Conference paper: DOI: 10.1127/metz/2019/0983

ENC 2017:
Conference Information : https://www.dwd.de/EN/specialusers/research_education/seminar/2017/enc/enc_en.html
Conference paper: DOI: 10.1127/metz/2017/0870

ENC 2014:
Conference Information : http://www.zamg.ac.at/ENC2014/

Cooperation with WMO

Several international meteorological organisations collaborated on a research project examining nowcasting capabilities and Early Warning Systems across different global regions. Working groups from the World Meteorological Organization's World Weather Research Programme and EUMETNET's Nowcasting module led this initiative.

More details can be found here: https://wwrp-nowcastingcapabilities.com/

METEOALARM Website

38 European National Meteorological Services contribute to the consistent visualisation of weather awareness information, thereby ensuring coherent interpretation of multi-hazard early warnings throughout Europe.

Visit the MeteoAlarm Website for the latest weather-related awareness situation and further information.

METEOALARM Feeds

The MeteoAlarm Feeds provide a thorough summary of active multi-hazard early warnings, aggregated according to each NMS contributing to MeteoAlarm. Subscriptions to Atom and RSS Feeds are easy to access.

Information necessary for redistributing warnings from the contributing NMSs is accessible in the Redistribution Hub on the MeteoAlarm Website. It includes the MeteoAlarm Redistribution Guide, the MeteoAlarm Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) Profile, the Service Level Agreements (SLAs), and other relevant documentation.

METEOALARM APIs

In the RODEO Project, new Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are being developed for MeteoAlarm. These APIs enable access to multi-hazard early warnings through cross-border queries and bulk downloads for archived warnings. The goal is to improve the sharing and accessibility of warnings by integrating these capabilities into MeteoAlarm, including Near-Real-Time, Archived Warning, and Storm Name APIs.

Early Warnings for All

“Early Warnings for All is a groundbreaking initiative to ensure that everyone on Earth is protected from hazardous weather, water, or climate events through life-saving early warning systems by the end of 2027."

The EMMA Programme supports these activities within the WMO Regional Association VI (Europe) by providing life-saving multi-hazard early warnings to the public across 38 European countries, with the potential to extend its capacities to other countries as the initiative progresses.

MeteoGate Principles

1- MeteoGate will enable the sharing of hydrological and meteorological data holdings both within the European Meteorological Infrastructure (EMI) and between the EMI and external stakeholders (global WMO community, public and private sector bodies, research institutions, citizens, etc.). The MeteoGate System will be part of the WMO Information System and will implement the WIS 2.0 principles.

2- The initial scope of MeteoGate includes sharing the following categories of data: Core Data (WMO Unified Data Policy), Meteorological High-Value Data (EU Regulation 2019/1024), and Data for Official Duty1. The MeteoGate System will be extensible so that additional functions can be incorporated as user requirements emerge.

3- MeteoGate will enable data sharing in a manner that is compliant with national and international legislation, regulation, and policy commonly applicable to the EMI, with priority given to obligatory requirements.

4- MeteoGate will support the data-sharing policies commonly used within the EMI, including but not limited to free and open data exchange.

5- MeteoGate will neither affect ownership of shared data holdings nor impose additional conditions on data sharing.

6- The ownership, origin and license / usage terms of data holdings shared via MeteoGate will be visible to all stakeholders.

7- Policies and technical standards ensuring interoperability and consistency of operation among components of the MeteoGate will be mutually agreed and maintained by European NMHSs, EUMETSAT and ECMWF under the auspices of EUMETNET.

8- MeteoGate will be comprised of multiple components (e.g. data sharing platforms and systems), each owned and operated by constituents of the EMI and conforming with the mutually agreed policies and technical standards. Providers of MeteoGate components are encouraged to develop and/or operate them in a manner that supports the community. MeteoGate components may form part of national data-sharing infrastructures and vice versa.

9- MeteoGate will build upon existing data-sharing infrastructures, incorporating them when they conform to the mutually agreed policies and standards. MeteoGate will undergo continuous development as needs arise in the EMI.

10- MeteoGate will provide access to data holdings in-situ where local capability exists to do so. Moving data to a remote system only to support data sharing should be avoided.

11- MeteoGate will have a single catalogue describing all its data holdings and will provide mechanisms to enable users to search for the data they need. MeteoGate will make metadata contribution to the catalogue easy; aiming to avoid duplicate effort where data providers contribute to multiple data sharing initiatives.

MeteoGate Community Components

MeteoGate Community components are needed to deliver shared capabilities, e.g. a data catalogue or access management. They will be established and operated by EUMETNET or its members and useable by data publishers and consumers inside and outside the hydro-meteorological community.

1- A shared Data Catalogue defining and describing data assets and data collections, indexed, linked, and searchable to support data discovery and usage.
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