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Marwan Fayed

November 3, 2025
Fresh insights from old data: corroborating reports of Turkmenistan IP unblocking and firewall testing

Cloudflare used historical data to investigate reports of potential new firewall tests in Turkmenistan. Shifts in TCP resets/timeouts across ASNs corroborate large-scale network control system changes.

Luke Valenta and Marwan Fayed

October 29, 2025
One IP address, many users: detecting CGNAT to reduce collateral effects

IPv4 scarcity drives widespread use of Carrier-Grade Network Address Translation, a practice in ISPs and mobile networks that places many users behind each IP address, along with their collected activity and volumes of traffic. We introduce the method we’ve developed to detect large-scale IP sharing globally and mitigate the issues that result.

Vasilis Giotsas and Marwan Fayed

October 28, 2025
A framework for measuring Internet resilience

We present a data-driven framework to quantify cross-layer Internet resilience. We also share a list of measurements with which to quantify facets of Internet resilience for geographical areas.

Vasilis Giotsas,Cefan Daniel Rubin, and Marwan Fayed

October 27, 2025
Data at Cloudflare scale: some insights on measurement for 1,111 interns

While large cloud providers hold vast troves of passive network data, analyzing them is complicated. The scale, noise, and absence of definitive ground truth all create major hurdles. Yet by carefully quantifying these constraints and finding alternative forms of evidence, meaningful insights can still emerge.

Marwan Fayed and Ram Sundara Raman

October 27, 2025
The tricky science of Internet measurement

The Internet is one big open system composed of many closed boxes — which makes measuring the Internet difficult. In this post we explore Internet measurement as a science.

Marwan Fayed

November 8, 2024
How we prevent conflicts in authoritative DNS configuration using formal verification

We describe how Cloudflare uses a custom Lisp-like programming language and formal verifier (written in Racket and Rosette) to prevent logical contradictions in our authoritative DNS nameserver’s behavior.

James Larisch,Suleman Ahmad, and Marwan Fayed

September 5, 2024
A global assessment of third-party connection tampering

Cloudflare brings visibility to the practice of connection tampering as observed from our global network.

Ram Sundara Raman,Luke Valenta, and Marwan Fayed

December 16, 2022
The unintended consequences of blocking IP addresses

A discussion about IP blocking: why we see it, what it is, what it does, who it affects, and why it’s such a problematic way to address content online.

Alissa Starzak and Marwan Fayed

October 15, 2021
“Look, Ma, no probes!” — Characterizing CDNs’ latencies with passive measurement

In this article we describe an alternative approach to active measurements, which accurately predicts network latencies using only passively collected data.

Vasilis Giotsas and Marwan Fayed

October 14, 2021
Unbuckling the narrow waist of IP: Addressing Agility for Names and Web Services

IP addresses associated with names, interfaces, and sockets, can tie these things together in a way that IP was never designed to support. This post describes Cloudflare efforts to decouple of IP addresses from names, the latest in a quest for something we’re calling Addressing Agility.

Marwan Fayed

July 26, 2021
Announcing Project Pangea: Helping Underserved Communities Expand Access to the Internet For Free

Cloudflare is excited to announce Project Pangea. We’re launching a program that provides secure, performant, reliable access to the Internet for community networks that support underserved communities, and we’re doing it for free because we want to help build an Internet for everyone.

Marwan Fayed and Annika Garbers

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