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NASA Opens New Flight Dynamics Research Facility in Virginia

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NASA’s Curiosity Mars Rover Discovers Field of Honeycomb Textures

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Earth's Moon

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The Moon

From lighting up our skies to preserving evidence of our solar system’s history, Earth’s closest neighbor plays a pivotal role in the study of our planet and beyond.

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Composition

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Moon Composition & Structure

Like Earth, the Moon consists of three main layers: a crust, a mantle, and a core.

Billions of years ago, the Moon was a molten world. As it solidified, the heaviest materials (metals like iron) sank down into the Moon’s center, and the lighter materials (lower density rocks) rose towards the surface. The result is a structure a bit like a chocolate-dipped cherry – solid core, mostly solid/partly liquid mantle, and thin outer crust.

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Does the Moon Have an Atmosphere?

Yes, but just barely.

In contrast to Earth’s thick layers of air, the Moon’s exosphere is a bit like the haze you get when you whack a dirty rug with a broom: it includes a sampling of particles knocked free by impact. But instead of a rug, these particles come from the lunar surface. Instead of flying through the air, they’re ejected into near-emptiness. And instead of a broom, the Moon is pummeled by space debris.

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Earthrise photographed by Apollo 8 astronaut William Anders, December 1968, with Earth at gibbous phase as seen from the Moon.

NASA

Lunar Craters

Earth's Moon is covered in craters.

Lunar craters tell us the history not only of the Moon, but of other worlds, too. On the Moon, where there’s no liquid water or wind, evidence of our solar system's impact history has been preserved for billions of years.

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Pierazzo crater imaged by NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. It is located within the north-northwestern extent of ejecta surrounding the Orientale impact basin.

NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University

Moon Phases

Earth's view of the half-sunlit Moon shifts throughout the month.

As our perspective changes, we observe a pattern known as lunar phases: new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, and waning crescent.

How it works

Composite image showing the cycle of Moon phases.

How Did the Moon Form?

Earth’s Moon was born out of destruction.

There are several theories about our Moon’s formation, but almost all share this point in common. Our early solar system was the scene of violent smashups that could end in obliteration or new, larger objects. Those mashed-together objects make up the planets, moons, asteroids and other solar system objects we know today.

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Earth’s Moon is thought to have formed in a tremendous collision.

NASA

Uncovering Lunar Water

There’s water on the Moon.

Ancient ice hidden deep in permanently shadowed craters. H20 molecules on the sunlit lunar surface. Humanity's search for water on the Moon began hundreds of years ago. Here's a brief history of discoveries leading up to the confirmation of its presence.

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Areas of the Moon’s south pole with possible deposits of water ice, shown in blue. The map is based on data taken by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.

NASA

Artemis II Crew Image

Far Side of the Moon

The Moon's far side gets as much sunlight as its near side.

Like Earth, the Moon has a day side and a night side, which change as the Moon spins through space. The Sun always illuminates half of the Moon while the other half remains dark.

The far side of the Moon was about 20% sunlit during the Artemis II crew's lunar flyby. Around the farthest point in their journey, the astronauts saw both the Moon and Earth in a waxing crescent phase.
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