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Goals
2

End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture



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Related Topics










Rural Development


Related Goals
2











Food security and nutrition and sustainable agriculture


Related Goals
2










Overview

Targets and Indicators

Progress and Info









Overview










Goal 2 infographic, source: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2026/








Targets and Indicators










Target

2.1


By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round





Indicators




2.1.1




Prevalence of undernourishment






2.1.2




Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)










Target

2.2


By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons





Indicators




2.2.1




Prevalence of stunting (height for age <-2 standard deviation from the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age






2.2.2




Prevalence of malnutrition (weight for height >+2 or <-2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age, by type (wasting and overweight)






2.2.3




Prevalence of anaemia in women aged 15 to 49 years, by pregnancy status (percentage)






2.2.4




Prevalence of minimum dietary diversity, by population group (children aged 6 to 9 months and non-pregnant women aged 15 to 49 years)










Target

2.3


By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment





Indicators




2.3.1




Volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size






2.3.2




Average income of small-scale food producers, by sex and indigenous status










Target

2.4


By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality





Indicators




2.4.1




Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture










Target

2.5


By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed





Indicators




2.5.1




Number of (a) plant and (b) animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in either medium- or long-term conservation facilities






2.5.2




Proportion of local and transboundary breeds classified as being at risk of extinction










Target

2.a


Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries





Indicators




2.a.1




The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures






2.a.2




Total official flows (official development assistance plus other official flows) to the agriculture sector










Target

2.b


Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round





Indicators




2.b.1




Agricultural export subsidies










Target

2.c


Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility





Indicators




2.c.1




Indicator of food price anomalies














Progress and Info





2026 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016




Progress towards ending hunger shows modest improvement but remains insufficient. After peaking in recent years, global hunger declined slightly in 2024. But undernourishment and food insecurity remain well above 2015 levels, affecting billions worldwide. Food price pressures have eased significantly and returned to near pre-pandemic levels in many countries, offering some relief. However, progress towards sustainable and productive agriculture is only incremental, and public spending on agriculture has not recovered to earlier highs. However, climate change, economic shocks and conflicts continue to disrupt food production, supply chains and trade, contributing to volatility in global food and fertilizer markets and heightening vulnerability in import-dependent countries.


Target 2.1: In 2024, 8.2% of the global population were undernourished – down from 8.5% in 2023 and 8.7% in 2022, though still above 2015 levels of 7.7%. Food insecurity also declined since 2021 but remained well above 2015 levels. In 2024, around 2.3 billion people were moderately or severely food insecure compared to 1.6 billion in 2015. 

Target 2.2: Between 2012 and 2024, global stunting prevalence among children under five years of age fell from 26.4% to 23.2%, reducing the number of stunted children from 180.4 million to 150.2 million. Both wasting and overweight remain largely unchanged compared to 2012, at 6.6% and 5.5% respectively in 2024. Approximately 30.7% of women of reproductive age – or 605 million women worldwide – were affected by anaemia in 2023, showing little improvement since 2012. If the current trend continues, this proportion is projected to rise to 33% (679 million) in 2030. Globally, fewer than one in three (30.8%) children aged 6–23 months achieved minimum dietary diversity between 2018 and 2024. This prevalence is largely unchanged over the past decade. Among women of reproductive age (15–49 years), 62.7% achieved minimum dietary diversity between 2020 and 2024, indicating that more than one-third were consuming diets that are inadequate in essential vitamins and minerals. 

Target 2.4: The world remains at a moderate distance from achieving productive and sustainable agriculture, with a global current‑status score of 3.3 out of 5 in 2024. Over the period 2015–2024, the global trend score of 4.0 out of 5 indicates a slight improvement towards the target.

Target 2.a: In 2024, global government expenditures that went towards agriculture were $725 billion. This represented 1.83% of total government spending, comparable to 2023 but lower than the record high of 2.07% in 2019. 

Target 2.c: The share of countries experiencing moderately to abnormally high food prices declined for the second consecutive year in 2024. It sank sharply year-on-year to 15.3%, a level slightly below the 2015-19 average. In particular, the proportion of countries facing abnormally high food prices (3.6%) was the second lowest since 2015.

The 2026 Extended Report on SDG 2 can be found here: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2026/extended-report/Extended-Report-2026_Goal-2.pdf





Global hunger has risen sharply since 2019 and remains persistently high. Nearly 1 in 11 people worldwide faced hunger in 2023, while more than 2 billion experienced moderate to severe food insecurity. Millions of children and women are affected by malnutrition. The number of countries in which food prices are moderately to abnormally high remains well above pre-pandemic levels. Getting progress on track with respect to Goal 2 requires urgent action to strengthen food systems, support small-scale producers, improve services and ensure access to affordable, healthy diets. Transitioning food systems to make them more sustainable, inclusive and resilient will drive progress on the Goals. The United Nations Food Systems Summit and its biennial stocktakes – the next of which is scheduled to be held in July 2025 – have helped to align global efforts with nationally defined priorities.

Target 2.1  - Hunger affected 9.1 per cent of the global population in 2023, up from 7.5 per cent in 2019 (between 713 million and 757 million people globally and one in five in Africa). Nearly 2.33 billion people, or almost 3 in 10, faced moderate or severe food insecurity in 2023, which was 383 million more than in 2019.

Target 2.2 - The global prevalence of stunting in children under the age of 5 declined from 26.4 per cent in 2012 to 23.2 per cent in 2024, but recent data indicate a potential reversal of the trend. More than 150 million children were stunted in 2024. The prevalence of overweight in children rose from 5.3 to 5.5 per cent between 2 012 and 2024, though the number of overweight children declined from 36.3 million to 35.5 million. The prevalence of wasting in children declined from 7.4 per cent in 2012 to 6.6 per cent in 2024, and the number of children affected declined from 50.9 million to 42.8 million. 

Some 34 per cent of children between the ages of 6 and 23 months received minimum dietary diversity between 2015 and 2022, which represents a slight improvement from the figure of 28 per cent in the period 2009–2016. Only 65 per cent of women of childbearing age achieved minimum dietary diversity between 2019 and 2023. 30.    

Little improvement has been seen since 2012 with respect to anaemia, which affected one in three women between the ages of 15 and 49 years in 2023.

Target 2.3  - In most countries for which data are available, the annual income of small-scale producers from agriculture is $1,500 (constant 2017 purchasing power parity), which is often less than half of what larger producers earn. Target 2.a  32. Global public expenditures reached $38 trillion in 2023, or 36 per cent of global GDP, of which a record $701 billion went to agriculture. Nonetheless, agriculture represented only 1.85 per cent of total government expenditure. 

Target 2.c  - In 2023, the proportion of countries in which food prices were moderately to abnormally high declined to about 50 per cent. This was lower than the 61 per cent recorded in 2022 but still three times the average of 16 per cent for the period 2015 –2019.



For more information, please visit: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2025/

More details on SDG 2 in 2025: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2025/Goal-02/

The 2025 Extended Report on SDG 2 can be found here: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2025/extended-report/Extended-Report-2025_Goal-2.pdf



Globally, hunger persists with nearly 1 in 10 of the world's population facing it in 2022, while 2.4 billion people experienced moderate to severe food insecurity. In the same year, nearly 60 per cent of countries worldwide saw significant increases in food prices due to conflicts and disrupted supply chains. Achieving zero hunger requires intensified efforts to transform food systems towards sustainability, resilience, and equity. Furthermore, accelerating improvements in diets, nutrition, health, and hygiene is crucial to meeting the SDG target of halving the number of children suffering from chronic undernutrition.

Target 2.1: After a sharp increase following the COVID-19 pandemic, global hunger stabilized at around 9.2% of the population from 2021 to 2022. Between 691 and 783 million people faced hunger in 2022. Considering the midrange (735 million), 122 million more people faced hunger in 2022 than in 2019, when the prevalence stood at 7.9%. Additionally, an estimated 29.6% of the global population – 2.4 billion people – were moderately or severely food insecure in 2022.

Target 2.2: Globally in 2022, an estimated 22.3% of children under age 5 (148 million) were affected by stunting, down from 24.6% in 2015 and 26.3% in 2012 (baseline year of WHO nutrition targets). Based on current trends, 1 out of 5 (19.5%) children under age 5 will be affected by stunting in 2030. Overweight affected 37.0 million children under age 5 (or 5.6%) and wasting affected 45 million (or 6.8%) in 2022.

Target 2.3: The income gap between small-scale and non-small-scale food producers remains significant. In 95% of countries with available data, the average annual income of small-scale producers is less than half that of nonsmall-scale producers. Among small-scale food producers, units headed by men typically generate higher incomes compared to those headed by women.

Target 2.a: In 2022, global public expenditures reached $36 trillion, of which $749 billion went towards agriculture—an all-time high. Agriculture represented 2.1% of total government expenditure, a recovery from the pandemic, and is only marginally below the 2019 level. Government expenditure on agriculture relative to the agriculture sector’s contribution to GDP, measured in terms of the agriculture orientation index, declined from the 2015 baseline of 0.50 to 0.43 in 2021, but rebounded to 0.48 in 2022.

Target 2.b: Total notified annual agriculture export subsidy outlays fell from its peak of $ 6.7 billion in 1999 to $33 million in 2022. As of 1st January 2024, only least developed countries (LDCs) and net food importing developing countries are allowed to use certain forms of export subsidies.

Target 2.c: In 2022, the share of countries facing moderately to abnormally high food prices reached a new record-high of 58.1% after falling by more than half in 2021 from the previous historical peak of 48% in 2020. The 2022 share represented a nearly four-fold increase from the 2015-19 average levels of 15.2%. Major disruption to logistics and food supply chains, following the breakout of the war in Ukraine, resulted in higher food and energy prices, particularly during the first half of 2022.



For more information, please visit: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2024/

More details on SDG 2 in 2024: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2024/Goal-02/

The 2024 Extended Report on SDG 2 can be found here: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2024/extended-report/Extended-Report_Goal-2.pdf



The number of people facing hunger and food insecurity has been on the rise since 2015, with the pandemic, conflict climate change and growing inequalities exacerbating the situation. In 2015, 589 million people were experiencing hunger, and by 2021, that number had risen to 768 million. Projections show that by 2030, approximately 670 million people will still be facing hunger – 8% of the world’s population, the same as in 2015. Despite global efforts, too many children continue suffering from malnutrition and the current annual rate of reduction in stunting must increase by 2.2 times to meet the global target. To achieve zero hunger by 2030, immediate and intensified efforts are required to transform food systems, ensure food security and invest in sustainable agricultural practices.

Target 2.1: The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated an already deteriorating food security situation, with about 150 million more people facing hunger in 2021 than in 2019. In addition, nearly 1 in 3 (2.3 billion people) were moderately or severely food insecure in 2021. This represents an increase of almost 350 million people since the beginning of the pandemic. The most worrisome increases were seen in sub-Saharan Africa. The ongoing crisis in Ukraine is yet another threat to food security.

Target 2.2: Globally in 2022, an estimated 22.3% of children under age 5 (148 million) were affected by stunting, down from 24.6% in 2015.  Overweight affected 37.0 million children under age 5 (or 5.6%) and wasting affected 45 million (or 6.8%) in 2022. The global prevalence of overweight children has stagnated, and if current trends continue, the 2030 target will be missed by 17.5 million children. Further, the prevalence of anaemia in women of reproductive age continues to be alarming, stagnant at around 30% since 2000. And low and lower-middle income economies bear the greatest burden of stunting, wasting, low birth weight and anaemia.
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