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Themes




Climate











Climate







Main themes





WMO coordinates the study of the climate, its variations, extremes and trends and collaborates with partners worldwide to study the socio-economic climate impacts that support evidence-based decision-making to manage risks and adapt to a changing climate.












Overview




All life on Earth depends on the climate system, which consists of five major components: the atmosphere; the hydrosphere (oceans, lakes, and rivers); the cryosphere (ice and snow); the lithosphere (land surface), and the biosphere (living organisms).

The complex interactions and influences between these components, such as the exchange of energy, water, and carbon dioxide, determine our climate patterns and variability.

By observing and monitoring variables of the climate system such as temperature, precipitation, air pressure, ice cover, and carbon cycles over a long period, we can better understand the climate, what drives changes to it and build climate models to predict our future climate.










Impact




The climate system changes in time under the influence of its own internal dynamics and because of external forcings such as volcanic eruptions, solar variations, orbital forcing, and anthropogenic forcings including changes in the composition of the atmosphere and land-use.

Human influence contributes to increased warming of the atmosphere, ocean and land largely through activities that increase greenhouse gas emissions.  The shifts in the long-term average of weather variables and patterns are defined as climate change.  Climate variability and change can impact virtually every aspect of society, including food production, health, housing, energy, water resources, safety, tourism, finance, and transportation.

The monitoring of climate conditions and the prediction of what the next season will bring, or how our climate will change in the coming years, are critical for sustainable economic development.










WMO's response




WMO supports its Members to understand the Earth’s climate on global to local scales by developing technical standards for observing instruments and ensuring that the collected data are quality controlled and comparable, by monitoring the current climate, and by ensuring skillful predictions of the climate over the coming weeks, months, seasons and years as well as longer term projections to understand past, present and future climate evolution.

Working across meteorology, hydrology, ocean science and climate services, WMO ensures that interactions and interconnectedness are reflected in integrated climate information and coordinated support across sectors.

This information is essential for climate-smart decision-making at all levels to deal with climate risks. Through the establishment of international standards, WMO guides global efforts to harmonize climate observations and data, ensuring that long-term climate analysis and monitoring are possible. Numerous countries lack adequate climate science infrastructure and so WMO supports national meteorological and hydrological services in improving climate modeling, modernizing forecasting systems and strengthening planning, particularly important for developing countries.

WMO helps different sectors make climate-smart decisions by collaborating with our Members to regularly produce and disseminate global climate predictions and outlooks, including seasonal climate forecasts, drought monitoring, flood forecasting, heatwave alerts, and multi-hazard early warning systems. Key products include bulletin such as the El Niño/La Niña Update, and the Global Seasonal Climate Update.

For over three decades WMO has published the State of the Global Climate reports, providing a timely, consolidated global assessment of the previous year’s climate conditions. Regional State of Climate reports are produced for Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean; South-West Pacific and Europe (with the Copernicus Climate Change Service). Together these reports provide annual updates on the state of the global climate and in different regions, as observed and constitute credible scientific summaries on climate and its evolution.

Importantly, in connecting climate science to real-world impacts on people, food security, water resources, health and ecosystems, these reports not only track changes to climate, but support early warnings and preparedness. In identifying evolving hazards, these reports support national preparedness efforts and humanitarian planning, in line with the global Early Warnings 4 All initiative, which aims to ensure every person on the planet is protected through life-saving multi-hazard early warning systems by 2027.

WMO co-sponsors several initiatives, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) along with the UN Environment Programme, the World Climate Research Programme and the Global Climate Observing System, to strengthen scientific understandings of the climate system and ensure easy access to international reviewed climate science.










Related activities












Activity


Climate Services Information System (CSIS)

The WMO Climate Services Information System (CSIS) is the principal mechanism through which information about climate – past, present and future – is routinely produced, archived, analysed, modelled, exchanged and processed.The CSIS is the “operational core” of the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS), the United Nations-led initiative spearheaded by WMO to support the production and delivery of authoritative climate information products through appropriate operational mechanisms, technical standards, communication and authentication. CSIS guides the development and application of science-based climate information and services in support of decision-making in climate-sensitive sectors, such as agriculture and food security, water resources, energy, disaster risk reduction and health.The core functions of the CSIS includes:Climate data,Climate monitoring,Climate prediction,Climate projection, andUser-targeted climate information.The operationalization of CSIS is organized as a three-tier network arrangement of global, regional and national providers, which carry out the CSIS functions at their respective levels. CSIS entities together ensure that climate information and products are generated, exchanged and disseminated, covering the entire space-time continuum from global to local and from past to the future:At global level, a range of advanced centres produce global scale climate information,At regional level, a network of entities regionalizes global scale climate information, andAt national and local levels, the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) and their partners are committed to providing greater added value in their national and local context to inform decision-making across a wide range of socioeconomic sectors.In addition to generating and providing climate information and services, the CSIS facilitates interaction between the providers and users of climate services to ensure a two-way information flow through User Interface Platforms (UIPs) at the regional and national scales. Figure 1: CSIS Implementation Entities that support CSISAt global levelGlobal data centres aim at collecting, managing and making available globally exchanged data of observational and computed climate variables. Global datasets underpin global and regional assessments of the state of the climate and other climate services.Global climate monitoring centres provide key inputs to generate climate indicators to describe the status of the global climate. These indicators are reported in flagship global products of the CSIS, such as the WMO State of the Global Climate reports.Global Producing Centres for Sub-seasonal Prediction (GPCs-SSP), Seasonal Prediction (GPCs-SP) and Annual to Decadal Climate Prediction (GPCs-ADCP) produce global-scale sub-seasonal, seasonal, and annual-to-decadal climate prediction products, respectively. These products are delivered to their respective Lead Centres for the generation of multi-model ensembles, which help improve the accuracy and reliability of products. Lead Centres for Sub-seasonal Prediction Multi‑Model Ensembles (LC-SSPMME), Seasonal Prediction Multi‑Model Ensembles (LC-SPMME) and Annual to Decadal Climate Prediction (LC-ADCP) collect prediction products from relevant GPCs to generate multi-model ensemble products. They also verify both the individual GPCs’ hindcasts and the multi-model hindcasts. Lead Centres provide products - both in graphical and digital formats - including those from GPCs. Additionally, LC-SPMME and LC-ADCP provide the Global Seasonal Climate Update (GSCU) and the Global Annual to Decadal Climate Update (GADCU), respectively.The products from GPCs and LCs are primarily used by the Regional Climate Centres (RCCs), the Regional Climate Outlook Forums (RCOFs) and NMHSs. For more information on GPCs and LCs, including their products and working mechanism, please visit WMO Integrated Processing and Prediction System (WIPPS) Technical Coordination.Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) is a project of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) that contributes to global climate change projections. It supports national and international assessments of climate change, including those of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).At regional levelRegional Climate Centres (RCCs) centres of excellence that create regional climate services and products, including seasonal prediction, regional climate assessments and regional climate datasets in support of regional and national climate activities.Regional Climate Outlook Forums (RCOFs) and Regional Climate Forums (RCFs) are platforms that bring together national, regional and international climate experts and stakeholders from countries in a climatologically homogenous region to provide climate predictions based on input from NMHSs, regional institutions, WMO RCCs, GPCs-SPs and other climate prediction centres.Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) projects aim at advancing and coordinating the science and application of regional climate downscaling through global partnership. CORDEX is a crucial resource for RCCs to fulfill their highly recommended functions on climate change projections.At national levelNational Climate Outlook Forums (NCOFs) and National Climate Forums (NCFs) provide opportunities for focused discussions on the significance of climate outlooks, risk information, and warnings for decision-makers in specific sectors and broader community.Network of National CSIS Focal Points (NCFPs)  Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS)














Activity


Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)

The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) is co-sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (IOC-UNESCO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment), and the International Science Council (ISC). It regularly assesses the status of global climate observations of the atmosphere, land, and ocean, and produces guidance for their improvement.  GCOS expert panels maintain definitions of “Essential Climate Variables,” (ECVs) which are required to systematically observe Earth’s changing climate. The observations supported by GCOS contribute to solving challenges in climate research and underpin climate services, adaptation and mitigation measures. 














Activity


Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS)

To enable better management of the risks of climate variability and change and adaptation to climate change, through the development and incorporation of science-based climate information and prediction into planning, policy and practice on the global, regional and national scale. Climate services provide climate information in a way that assists decision-making by individuals and organizations. Such services require appropriate engagement along with an effective access mechanism and must respond to user needs. Such services involve high-quality data from national and international databases on temperature, rainfall, wind, soil moisture and ocean conditions, as well as maps, risk and vulnerability analyses, assessments, and long-term projections and scenarios. Depending on the user’s needs, these data and information products may be combined with non-meteorological data, such as agricultural production, health trends, population distributions in high-risk areas, road and infrastructure maps for the delivery of goods, and other socioeconomic variables. 














Activity


World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)

Established in 1980, the World Climate Research Programme facilitates international climate research to develop, share, and apply climate knowledge that contributes to a sustainable future for humanity. The Programme is co-sponsored by WMO, the International Science Council, and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO.The World Climate Research Programme advances understanding of the multi-scale interactions between natural and human systems that influence climate and promotes science education through collaboration with a wide range of stakeholders. Its science and knowledge contributes to several multilateral environmental conventions. 




















Related publications




Global Seasonal Climate Updates



State of Global Water Resources



State of the Global Climate



State of Climate Services













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