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SCIENCE & ENGINEERING INDICATORS

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State of U.S. S&E 2026

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The State of U.S. Science and Engineering 2026

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May 2026

The past quarter century has reshaped the U.S. science and engineering enterprise through the business sector’s dominant role in funding and performing research and development (R&D), the concentration of innovation activity in information technologies and critical and emerging technology areas, and the rise of China as a competitor and R&D performer. The United States maintains comparative advantages in highly cited research and patents, venture capital–backed innovation, and high-technology services, where U.S. firms dominate global production. U.S. universities remain top destinations for international postsecondary students.

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Created with Highcharts 11.3.0PercentIndustry and NAICS codeUsed as part of the processes or methodsTested, but did not use as part of the processes or methodsApplicable, but did not test or useThis technology is not applicable to this businessDon't know020406080100All industries, 11, 21–23, 31–33, 42–81Manufacturing industries, 31–33Pharmaceuticals and medicines, 3254Navigational, measuring, electromedical, andcontrol instruments, 3345Nonmanufacturing industries, 11, 21–23, 42–81Software publishers, 5112Data processing, hosting, and related services,518Computer systems design and related services,5415

Translation to Impact: U.S. and Global Science, Technology, and Innovation Output

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May 2026

Science, technology, and innovation activities expand the frontiers of fundamental and technical knowledge, often leading to new discoveries. These may be translated into outputs such as new products, licensed technologies, and companies, ultimately impacting economic output, productivity, and global trade. This thematic report presents indicators of these activities and the innovation process, which contribute to the economic competitiveness and national security of the United States and countries globally.
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Created with Highcharts 11.3.0Number141,687,11235,930,32618,040,5947,588,6898,611,8281,840,07717,889,7322,058,7524,597,10211,233,878105,756,78641,829,54163,927,245STEMworkforce35,930,326Non-STEMworkforce105,756,786With a bachelor'sor an advanceddegree 59,870,135Without abachelor's degree81,816,977S&Eoccupations9,647,441S&E-relatedoccupations13,208,930STEMmiddle-skilloccupations13,073,955

STEM Talent: Education, Training, and Workforce

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February 2026

Talent is critical to the U.S. science and engineering enterprise and competitiveness. The U.S. science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workforce represented about a quarter of the total domestic workforce in 2023, with distinct education, employment, and wage patterns. Recent assessments reveal incomplete recovery for U.S. K–12 students from pandemic-related STEM learning losses. STEM degree production grew at U.S. higher education institutions at all levels between 2013 and 2023. In 2023, the United States was the leading destination for international students, despite a small decline in overall share since 2013.
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Created with Highcharts 11.3.0YearBillions of current PPP U.S. dollarsUnited StatesChinaEU-27JapanGermanySouth KoreaUnited KingdomFranceTaiwan2000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202201,000250500750

Discovery: R&D Activity and Research Publications

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July 2025

The funding and performance of research and experimental development (R&D) activities and the publication of peer-reviewed research, an output of R&D activity, serve as important indicators of the competitiveness of U.S. science and engineering in a global context. According to internationally comparable data, the United States had the largest national R&D investment in 2022—above China, Japan, and Germany—and this investment was driven primarily by the business sector. The United States also remains a leader in peer-reviewed research publications in terms of output, scientific impact, and international collaborations.
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Reports

The State of U.S. Science and Engineering 2026

May 2026

Innovation

Translation to Impact: U.S. and Global Science, Technology, and Innovation Output

May 2026

Labor Force

STEM Talent: Education, Training, and Workforce

February 2026

R&D

Discovery: R&D Activity and Research Publications

July 2025

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About S&E Indicators

Covers major developments in the U.S. and global S&E enterprise, including education, workforce, R&D, invention and innovation, high-tech industry, and public attitudes and understanding.
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